TASK 1-SELF REFLECTION

72673-G02-SITI AMINAH MAISARAH BINTI AHMAD AZHAR       

       Today, I have learnt that biochemistry is very essential in our daily life. Through the studies of the structure and function of each living cell, it has improved my understanding and realised that biochemistry has makes our life easier. It is interesting to know that reaction in cell that cannot be seen by our naked eyes can bring a significant change in our life. There are a lot of things that can be discovered through biochemistry such as how the changes in shape of biomolecules from micromolecules to macromolecules, the process that they undergo and how they interact with each other. For example, complex biomolecules are produced from simple molecules such as fatty acids and glycerol could form lipid after attaching themselves.       The concept of biochemistry can be used in various field such as medicine & clinical ,agriculture, industry, cosmetics and food. By using the biochemical principle such as the structure and functions some of the biomolecules for instance carbohydrate, protein, lipids and nucleic acid we could use the knowledge to produce more improved medication, herbicide and pesticide production, skincare and makeup production as well as ways to produce new product that can bring goods to our life. For instance, the enzyme protease can be used to clean stain that is hard to be clean like blood and the use of peptide is widely used in anti-aging products as amino acids are produced when collagen break down. Thus, we cannot deny that the study of chemical process in living organisms do upgrade our life. 

72545- G02- NUR IZZATI BINTI JEAFREE       

       After completing my first semester in UNIMAS, this course has taught me new things that i believed will be helpful in my future career. From the first class of Biochemistry I learn new terms as well as recall back my memories on thing that I already knew.       For the first semester I have learned about the structure and the function of biomolecules. Some example of the biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid. Every biomolecules have different application, structure and functions. For example the function of nucleic acid is to give protein information while carbohydrates is to give support and energy. Then I also can identify the differences between biochemical principles, enzymes and metabolic pathways. Last but not least, the concept of biochemistry can be used in various field such as industry, agriculture and food. For example the function of rennin (enzyme) is to coagulate milk proteins in cheese production. While metabolic pathways widely used in agriculture to cloning important trait genes.        In conclusion I think this course give many benefits to me. It helps me to improve my communication skill throughout this semester. From the first class I discover that we need to be active. This is because we need to communicate to deliver our ideas to the group while trying to come out with a brilliant ideas.   

71789-G02-TAY YU LIANG      

       Firstly, I would like to thank to Dr HashimatsulRatmaHashim as she help me to understand this course. Through this course, I learn a lot of chemical processes that occur in living organisms. Take, for example, ATP formation in mitochondria, urine formation and also photosynthesis in plant cells. Besides that, biochemistry also discuss a lot of biomolecules that are very important for living organisms such as carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid. All of these biomolecules have their own structure, three dimensional arrangement and function. More importantly, biochemistry can be applied to real world. In industry, biochemistry can be applied to production of detergent and softener to remove the strains. There are a lot of techniques and procedures are needed to manufacture the products.       In conclusion, I would like to thank Dr HashimatsulRatmaHashim and my friends to give me a motivation to enjoy this course. All the best in final examination! 

TASK 2-VIDEO

TASK 3-INFOGRAPHIC

Siti Aminah Maisarah Binti Ahmad Azhar-72673
Nur Izzati Binti Jeafree- 72545

Tay Yu Liang-71789

TASK 4-HENDELSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION

Nur Izzati binti Jeafree-72545

72673-SITI AMINAH MAISARAH

Tay Yu Liang - 71789

TASK 5-FIBROUS AND GLOBULAR PROTEINS

SITI AMINAH MAISARAH -72673

Properties	Fibrous Protein	Globular protein
Definition	A class of insoluble protein which constitute the main structural elements of the body.	A class of soluble protein and tend to be involved in metabolic function.
Role	Involved in forming structures and mechanical function	Involved in metabolic reaction and chemical processes
Solubility in water, acids and bases	Insoluble	Soluble
Sequences of amino acids	Consists of repetitive sequences of amino acids	Consists of irregular sequences of amino acids
Dominated	Dominated by secondary structure	Dominated by tertiary structure
Shape	Has long and narrow shape	Has round and spherical shape
Strength of intermolecular interaction	Have strong intermolecular interaction	Have weak intermolecular interaction
Structure	Have a helical or sheet structure	Have a folded ball-like structure
Sensitivity toward temperature and pH	Less sensitive	More sensitive
Amount	The number of proteins is lower	The number of proteins is comparatively higher
Examples	F-actin         Collagen of connective tissue of animals including cartilage,bones,teeth,skin and blood vessels          Desmin        Elastin         fibroin of silk        keratin of hair and wool	Insulin          Myoglobin         Haemoglobin         Transferrin         Immunoglobulins          Enzymes          hormones

TAY YU LIANG-71789

Nur Izzati Binti Jeafree-72545

Elongated strand-like protein	DEFINITION	Spherical protein
As strength, protection and support	ROLE	As catalyst, transport and regulation
long and narrow	SHAPE	rounded ball
Insoluble	SOLUBLE IN WATER	Soluble
Repetitive	SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACID	Irregular
Less sensitive	CHANGE IN HEAT AND pH	More sensitive
Low	AMOUNT OF PROTEIN	Comparatively higher
Stable -many Hydrogen bond that hold the structure	STABILITY	Unstable -easily distributed -less bond hold together
In the secondary structure	SRUCTURE	In the tertiary structure
Strong	INTERMOLECULAR INTRACTION	Weak
Keratin, collagen, desmin, elastin fibroin, myosin	EXAMPLES	Enzymes, haemoglobin, insulin, myoglobin, transferrin, immunoglobin, catalase, hormones

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TASK 6-MICHEALIS-MENTEN PLOT AND LINEWEAVER-BURK PLOT

Michealis-Menten Plot 

Nur Izzati binti Jeafree-72545

Siti Aminah Maisarah binti Ahmad Azhar-72673

Tay Yu Liang-71789

Lineweaver-Burk Plot

Siti Aminah Maisarah binti Ahmad Azhar-72673

Nur Izzati binti Jeafree -72545

Tay Yu Liang -71789

TASK 7 - FILA TABLE 1

Nur Izzati Binti Jeafree - 72545

Facts	Ideas	Learning issues	Actions
Our children are always tired, abdomen started to swell, arm and leg have become thin, hair started to grow yellow reddish, not like to eat and sleepy.	The physical changes show that the person is not in a good condition.	1. What are the factors of malnutrition?	·      Malnutrition results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced. Under nutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity
We feed our family the same as all families, sweet potatoes, bananas and cassava.	They are required to consume the appropriate nutrients according to the food pyramid with the Correct amounts	1. What is the importance of these foods? 2. What is the effect of this food to our body if we take it in certain amount? 3. What class of food does this food belongs to? 4. What are the foods that they need to be healthy ?	·         cassava is calories-rich vegetable that contain carbohydrates, vitamin and minerals. it is a good source of vitamin C niacin and thiamine. ·         banana rich in potassium and fiber. it can help to prevent asthma, cancer, high blood pressure and diabetes and also digestive problems. ·         sweet potatoes are rich source of fiber, vitamins and minerals. in content vitamin B and C. ·         one of the key nutrition benefit of sweet potatoes are they are high in antioxidant which convert vitamin A once they are consumed. ·         high amount of dietary oxalate in sweet potatoes can development of calcium-oxalate kidney stones. while cassava can be a toxic to cancer cell since it content cyanide. last is banana, if our kidney not function properly with high intake of banana will make the kidneys to remove the excess from the blood.
The health worker measured Kananga’s arm and showed the tape with 3 colours (red, green and yellow).	Mid-uppe r arm circumfer ence can accuratel y assess malnutriti on than weight-b ased measures	1. What is the name of this method? 2. What are the advantages of this method? 3. What are other methods that can be used to diagnose one with malnutrition?	·         Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a quick and simple way to determine whether or not a child is malnourished using a simple colored plastic strip. MUAC is suitable to use on children from the age of 12 months up to the age of 59 months. However, it can also be used for children over six months with length above 65 cm. ·         MUAC is a better indicator of mortality risk associated with malnutrition than Weight-for-Height. It is therefore a better measure to identify children most in need of treatment. It is less prone to mistakes. Comparative studies have shown that MUAC is subject to fewer errors than Weight-for-Height. ·         Others method used o   Body Mass Index- Body Mass Index is popularly known in its short form, BMI o   Waist Circumference-High risk waist circumferences are: For men -> 40 inches (> 102 cm) For women -> 35 inches (> 88 cm) 3. o   Weight for Age In this assessment-children are classified as 1, 2 or 3 degree malnutrition,
Need medical treatment if she could not get it she could become sicker and can die.	The type of medical treatment will depend on the severity of the malnutrition , and the presence of any underlying conditions to make the person become more better.	1. How long does it take for one to die from malnutrition? 2. What kind of medical treatments are available to Treat malnutrition?	·         Severe symptoms of starvation begin around 35-40 days. Death can occur at around 45 to 61 days ·         Medical treatment . o   In some patients a tube may be surgically implanted directly into the stomach. It opens outside over the abdomen. This is called a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or PEG, tube. Nutrients in the form of liquids may be given via PEG tubes. This is useful in patients with esophageal cancers or other pathologies that make feeding via the mouth and esophagus difficult. These last for around two years and may be replaced thereafter. o   Children with severe malnutrition need therapy in the hospital. This includes parenteral nutrition and slow introduction of nutrients by mouth. Once their condition stabilises then they can gradually be introduced to a normal diet.
Her stomach does not work properly anymore and giving them normal food could make them very ill.	Food with poor quality and nutrition make the body becomes weaker.	1. What happened to the body system? 2. What is the treatment for this problem?	·         Gastroparesis is a long-term (chronic) condition where the stomach cannot empty in the normal way. Food passes through the stomach slower than usual.It's thought to be the result of a problem with the nerves and muscles that control how the stomach empties.If these nerves are damaged, the muscles of your stomach may not work properly and the movement of food can slow down.
We learned that malnutrition is caused when you do not eat enough food or you do not eat the right variety of food.	Food pyramid is important for humans to know the quantity and quality of foods.	1. What is the long term effect of this problem? 2. What are the types of malnutrition? 3. How to prevent malnutrition? 4. Does malnutrition affect the brain or other organs?	·         Malnutrition can lead to the development of diseases and chronic health conditions. Long-term effects of undernutrition include a higher risk of obesity, heart disease and diabetes ·         Malnutrition, if left untreated, can lead to physical or mental disability, or even death. Children who are overweight have an increased risk for long-term conditions and diseases, including cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol , high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, asthma , sleep apnea, and certain cancers. ·         A healthy balanced diet is recommended for prevention of malnutrition. There are four major food groups that include: o   Bread, rice, potatoes, and other starchy foods. o   Milk and dairy foods – Vital sources of fats and simple sugars like lactose as well as minerals like Calcium o   Fruit and vegetables – Vital sources of vitamins and minerals as well as fiber and roughag ·         Muscles and Bones 1. Posture: Muscles and bones are needed to help keep you upright. If they are weak, you may strain your neck, back, and shoulder muscles, causing you to feel pain. ·         Immune System and Healing 1.Healing: Your body’s nutrition influences your recovery, since wounds need energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals to heal. ·         Organs 1. Brain: Nutrient deficiencies may speed up the rate at which your brain loses neurons, which can impair your speech, coordination, and memory.
Kananga would need to get special food from the clinic.	Getting more information about the nutritious food from the doctor for healthy lifestyle	1. What kind of food is it?	·             Medicines o   domperidone – which is taken before eating to contract your stomach muscles and help move food along o   erythromycin – an antibiotic that also helps contract the stomach and may help move food along o   anti-emetics – medicines that can help to stop you from feeling or being sick
It is not about the quantity of food you eat but also the quality.	A lot of quantity foods can make person suffered by another disease but quality foods give more nutrients	1. How do we know that our food is at the best quality? 2. How does an imbalance diet affect our health?	·         The quality of food that is acceptable to consumers include external factors as size, shape and colour , texture and flavour. ·         Imbalanced diet can lead to bone fractures, heart disease, bleeding gums and early death.
Keep breast-feeding Kananga until she is 2 years old	children who are breastfeed have a lower rate of certain illnesses as they grow up	What are the breast-feeding ?	·         A lack of breastfeeding may contribute, as may a number of infectious diseases such as: gastroenteritis, pneumonia, malaria, and measles, which increase nutrient requirements.