TASK 10- FILA TABLE 2

  

Nur Izzati Binti Jeafree-72545

Facts	Ideas	Learning issues	Actions	References
A 23-year old man developed an irregular heart rhythm, complained lethargy, tremor of hands and arms.	He may have unhealthy lifestyle that may lead to several disease.	1. What are those symptoms lead to? 2. What are the causes?	l  Signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) . it happen when there is not enough glucose or sugar in our blood. l  It usually a side effect of diabetes treatment. People with diabetes use oral medication that increase insulin to help their bodies use the glucose in their body. If they take too much it can drop the blood sugar level.	Internet
He complained about anxiety, sweating and hunger.	Anxiety is a multisyst em response to a perceived threat or danger.	1. Can hunger cause anxiety symptoms? 2. Can anxiety cause sweating? 3. Why does the person sweat when they feel hungry? 4. Can low or high blood sugar causes sweating? 5. Can those symptoms lead to any diseases? 6. What result can we get from blood test?	l  Hunger or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)are primitive signals known to set off the stress response in a person. When people have anxiety or depression they are very sensitive when their blood sugar drop so it can become chronic if the food intake is not consistent. l  Poor diet can lead to anxiety symptoms. These are often related to low blood pressure. l  Sweating is a necessary response to rising temperatures. It hep our body to cool when it hot outside but if it sweating excessively it could be a sign of hyperhidrosis (symptoms of social anxiety disorder). So it can lead to anxiety. l  When we skip a meal, lack of glucose in the blood triggers the release of adrenaline because the body goes into fight or flight survival mode so this is the causes of the sweating. l  A low blood sugar glucose level (hypoglycemia) and made the fight or flight response in our body. So the body will produce additional norepinephrine and adrenaline which it can lead to heavy sweating and anxiety. l  If they do not take any action they may have difficulty eating or drinking, seizures, a loss of consciousness and coma. l  It can lead to fatal complications. l  It can help doctors to evaluate how well organs such as kidney liver and heart working. It also can diagnose disease and condition such as cancer, AIDS and diabetes, this blood test find out wether we have risk factors for heart disease.	Internet
Biochemic al investigatio n on blood revealed blood sugar levels is 2.7 mmol/L.	● Blood sugar levels range before eating normally is between 80 mg/dL to 130 mg/dL. The blood sugar levels is low.	1. What is the ideal or normal blood sugar level? 2. What happen to glycolysis when blood sugar level is low? 3. What is the treatment? 4. What are the ways to maintain a normal blood sugar level?	l  Normal blood sugar level are less than 100 mg/dL after not eating or fasting for at least 8 hours. And less than 140 mg/dL two hours after eating. l  eat or drink 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates such as 1/2 cup fruit juice, 3-4 glucose tablets and 1 tablespoon honey (tips* put under tongue so it get absorbs into bloodstream faster) l  Ways to maintain normal blood level. 1.         Exercise. -helps control sugar spike by increasing the sensitivity of our cell to the hormones insulin.  2.         Reduce sugar intake 3.         Drink more water.	Internet

Siti Aminah Maisarah Binti Ahmad Azhar-72673

No.	Facts	Ideas	Learning Issues	Action Plans
1	23 years old man developed an irregular heart rhythm, complained lethargy, tremor of hands and arms.	Has irregular heart rhythm, complained lethargy, tremor of hands and arms.	-          What do the symptoms indicate to? -          What causes the symptoms to happen? -          What is Atrial Fibrillation? -          Who is at the risk of the disease? -          What are the treatments and preventions for this disease?	-          Arryhythmia. A doctor can detect an irregular heartbeat during a physical exam by taking your pulse or through an electrocardiogram (ECG). -          Hypoglycemia. Low blood sugar level in people with diabetes they are usually associated with a high risk of marked slow heart rates accompanied by abnormal beats. Low blood sugar can also cause fatigue, especially in people who do not get enough warning that their blood sugar levels are dropping. A person can also feel fatigued after treatment of low blood sugar.
				-          The causes of arrhythmia are varied and include diabetes, mental stress, and smoking. Drinking too much alcohol can affect the electrical impulses in your heart and can increase the chance of developing atrial fibrillation. Caffeine or nicotine use. Caffeine, nicotine and other stimulants can cause your heart to beat faster and may contribute to the development of more serious arrhythmias. Dehydration can cause changes in yur body’s electrolytes and also lowers blood pressure.
				-          Atrial fibrillation is the term used to describe an irregular or abnormal heart rate. Atrial fibrillation has more serious health implications such as increased risk of having a stroke or a blood clot (thrombosis).
				-          An overweight or obese, have an immediate family member with type 2 diabetes, are over age 45, are physically inactive, have ever had gestational diabetes, which is diabetes during pregnancy, have given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds, have polycystic ovarian syndrome, have a lot of belly fat.
				-          Cardioversion is a procedure that can be undertaken to treat Atrial Fibrillation. It involves giving the heart an electric shock and is intended to normalize the electrical activity of the heart.
2	Complained about anxiety, sweating and hunger.	The man experiences anxiety, sweating and hunger.	-          Why does he experience such actions? -          Does his regular diet affects the symptoms mentioned?	-          When triggered by the hypothalamus in the brain, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands secrete sweat. The evaporation of sweat, composed mostly of water, salt and electrolytes, creates a cooling effect that helps maintain body temperature. -          Stress and anxiety cause the body to secrete the fight or flight hormones that prepare us for action. These hormones cause our breathing rate to increase, our heart to beat faster, our blood pressure to rise, and our sweat glands are activated to produce more sweat.
				-          Not enough carbohydrates. -          Eating foods with less carbs than usual without reducing the amount of insulin taken. -          Timing of insulin based on whether your carbs are from liquids versus solids can affect the blood sugar level. Liquids are absorbed much faster than solids. -          The composition of the meal – how much fat, protein and fiber are present.
3	Blood sugar level is 2.7 MMOL/L.	Blood sugar level is low.	-          What are the ranges for low, normal and high blood sugar levels? -          What are the symptoms of low blood sugar level? -          What is the treatment for low blood sugar level? -          How does low blood sugar level related to glycolysis? -          What is the process of Kreb Cycle?	-          Low: Below 3.0 mmol/L. -          Normal: 4.0 mmol/L – 7.0 mmol/L. -          High: More than 7.0 mmol/L.
				-          Extreme sweating, nervousness, shakiness, extreme hunger and slight nausea, dizziness and headache, blurred vision, a fast heartbeat and feeling anxious.
				-          You can take juice, hard candy, or glucose tablets. This will usually help your symptoms go away. Check your blood sugar again in 15 minutes. -          An injection of glucagon or intravenous glucose if the symptoms are severe. -          Essentially, you want fast acting carbohydrates: simple sugars with little to no fiber. You also want to avoid high – fat foods. The fat will often stabilize blood sugars after meals can actually delay how quickly your body absorbs those needed simple carbohydrates. In the case of low blood sugar, that is the opposite of what you want. The most commonly recommended treatment for low blood sugar is glucose tablets or glucose gel.
				-          Glycolysis, a simple pathway of glucose metabolism, critically regulates insulin secretion and metabolic functions of various cells. Depending on cell types, rates of glycolysis are determined at various steps of glycolysis that are subjected to the control of key metabolic and regulatory enzyme(s), which include glucokinase, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2-6-bisphosphatase. Dysregulation of glycolysis occurs in conditions of insulin deficiency or resisitance, and is attributable to inappropriate amount and/or activities of metabolic and regulatory enzymes of glycolysis. Targeting key metabolic and regulatory enzymes to enhance glycolysis may offer viable approaches for treatment of diabetes. -          Glycolysis is important in the cell because glucose is the main source of fuel for tissues in the body. If the blood sugar level continues to drop, the brain does not get enough glucose and stops functioning as it should. Starving the brain of glucose, it may lead to seizures, coma and death.
				-          Kreb cycle is known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid. It involves series of reactions of a substrate which is the oxaloacetate that is modified in every reaction. Acetyl – coA from energy extracted, energy transported reactants (NADH, FADH2) which collect the extracted energy. The controlling enzymes which regulate the steps of the cycle. It is often divided into 8 steps.