TASK 10 -FILA TABLE 2

Tay Yu Liang - 71789

No	Fact(s)	Idea(s)	Learning Issue (s)	Action Plan(s)
1.	A 23-year old man developed an irregular heart rhythm, complained lethargy, tremor of hands and arms. He complained about anxiety, sweating and hunger.	Hypoglycaemia and its Causes	1.        What are these symptoms indicating to? 2.        What  are  the possible causes?	1.        Hypoglycaemia is deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream. There are two types of hypoglycaemia that are reactive hypoglycaemia and non-reactive hypoglycaemia. ·         Reactive hypoglycaemia occurs within a few hours after a meal. An overproduction of insulin causes reactive hypoglycaemia. indicator for the diseases. ·         Non-reactive hypoglycaemia isn't necessarily related to meals and may be due to disease. In some cases, a tumour of the pancreas can cause the body to make too much insulin or an insulin-like substance, resulting in hypoglycaemia. Hormone deficiencies can also cause hypoglycaemia because hormones control glucose levels. 2.        Taking too much insulin or diabetes medication.When there is too much insulin in the blood, the cells absorb more sugar than they need to, leaving less sugar in the blood. Hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, can occur as a result. When the blood sugar levels are too low, the body cannot function properly. Drinking alcohol. 3.        - Alcohol consumption causes an increase in insulin secretion, which leads to low blood sugar. This results in a much higher risk of the most dangerous kind of hypos in which blood sugar is very low and there are significantly higher risks of cardiac arrhythmia, brain damage (and) myocardial infarction.
2.	Biochemical investigation	The Process of Metabolism, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System	1.                 What test is used to detect blood sugar level? 2.                 What    are    the metabolism process         and how    did               it occur?	1.   A1C   Test   can   be   used   to   diagnose type    2   diabetes and prediabetes. The A1C test is also the primary test used for diabetes management sometimes called the haemoglobin A1C, HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin, or glycohaemoglobin test. 2.  Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells. The metabolism involved is the aerobic metabolism respiration occur in cells in the presence of oxygen. There are four main stages in aerobic respiration which are glycolysis, the link reaction, krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Glycolysis ·         The process occurs in the cytosol of the cytoplasm of the cells. ·         The glucose molecule is phosphorylated from the hydrolysis of ATP to become glucose-6-phosphate by ezyme hexokinase. ·         Glucodr-6-phoshate                                        is                          rearranged                                       by phosphoglucoisomerase to become the isomer fructose- 6-phoshate. ·         The fructose-6-phosphate is activated by the addition of another phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP by phosphofructokinase. ·         The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate produced is split by enzyme aldolase (lysis) into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and its isomer dihydroxyacetone phosphate. ·         Dihydroxyacetone phosphate rearranges onto another molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidised, hydrogen atoms are removed, NAD+ is reduced to become NADH, an inorganic (Pi) is attached to the subtracted making the product of\glycerate-1,3-biphosphate. ·         One phosphate from each glycerate -1,3-bisphosphate is transferred to ADP to form ATP by phosphoglycerokinase. ·         The glycerate-3-phoshate is rearranged to form glycerate-2-phophate                            catalysed                                       by phosphoglyceromutase. ·         Removal of water by enolase produces phosphoenolpyruvate. ·         Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted as phosphate is transferred ADP to form ATP by pyruvate kinase to pyruvate. Link Reaction/ Trasition Stage ·         occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and converts pyruvate into the two-carbon molecule acetyl CoA by removing carbon dioxide and hydrogen, through the process of decarboxylation. ·         Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are removed from two pyruvate molecules, producing two acetyl groups. The hydrogen removed is transferred to NAD, reducing it. ·         Coenzyme A (CoA) combines with the acetyl group to form acetyl CoA. Krebs Cycle ·         acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate in the condensation reaction to form citrate. A coenzyme (CoA) is released. Reaction is catalysed by citrate synthetase. ·         citrate rearranges by the removal of water molecules and the addition of water to a different carbon atom to form its isomer isocitrate, reaction is catalysed by aconitase, ·         isocitrate is oxidised to form oxalosuccinate. NAD+ is reduced to become NADH catalysed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. ·         Oxalosuccinate which is still bound to enzyme isocitraye dehydrogenase is unstable. It immediately undergoes decarboxylation, loses CO2 and is converted to α-ketoglutarate. ·         α-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated and CO2 is removed. the NAD+ is reduced to NADH catalysed by succinyl CoA synthetase. Subtrate level phosphorylation takes place. Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate. The energy release is used for phosphorylation of GDP forming GTP. GTP transfer its phosphate group to ADP forming ATP. ·         Succinate is oxidase to fumarate, two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD to form FADH2 catalysed by succinate dehydrogenase. ·         Fumarate become hydrated by the addition of water is converted to malate by fumarase. ·         Malate is oxidised to regenerated oxaloxacetate and NAD+ is reduced to NADH catalysed by malate dehydrogenase. Oxaloacetate can be used to combined with acetyl CoA and the cycle is repeated. Electron Transport Chain ·         The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. ·         The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons ·         The electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain, which consists of several transmembrane carrier proteins. As electrons pass through the chain, they lose energy – which is used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix ·         The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient (or a proton motive force) ·         The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix ·         This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase ·         As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP ·         In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the de-energised electrons must be removed ·         Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energised electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked ·         Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the hydrogen gradient ·         In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot ·           transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted.
3.	production is halted.	Blood Sugar Level	1.                 What is the normal blood sugar level? 2.                 How our body maintain our normal blood sugar? What is the treatment for this condition	1.  For the majority of healthy individuals, normal blood sugar levels are between 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L (72 to 99 mg/dL) when fasting and up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating. 2.  Insulin, glucagon, and other hormone levels rise and fall to keep blood sugar in a normal range. Normally, blood glucose levels increase after you eat a meal. When blood sugar rises, cells in the pancreas release insulin, causing the body to absorb glucose from the blood and lowering the blood sugar level to normal. When blood sugar drops too low, the level of insulin declines and other cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose and release it  into the blood. This brings blood sugar levels back up to normal. 3.  Glucose will help boost blood sugar levels in the short term. One way to get additional glucose is to consume 15 grams of carbohydrates. Orange juice or another fruit juice is an easy way to get extra glucose into the bloodstream. Eat foods that are high in high complex carbohydrates, such as pasta and whole grains, to sustain blood sugar levels after a period of hypoglycemia.